Urine routine tests for urine analysis are grouped in three parts; physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations also known as Urinalysis.

Urinalysis  |  Urine Analysis

Urinalysis is the test performed in a clinical pathology lab in a hospital or lab where urinalysis means the analysis of urine and also known as urine examination, this includes physical, biochemical, microscopic examination, and culture (if needed).

Urinalysis | Urine Analysis

Urinalysis (URINE ANALYSIS) Will Indicate:-

(i) The state of the kidneys and the urinary tract-

Urinalysis Chemical tests for the presence of protein or blood; together with physical properties and microscopic examination for casts, cells, and certain crystals are very helpful in assessing and treating renal and urinary tract disease. 

(ii) Information about metabolic and systemic abnormalities

Tests for glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin, and urobilinogen are useful parameters in the diagnosis of metabolic and systemic disorders such as diabetes and jaundice in Urinalysis 

Composition of Urine:-

Urine is the fluid containing water-soluble waste products excreted from the blood via the kidney Urine is mainly composed of 95% water and the rest is made up of urea, uric acid, creatinine sodium, potassium chloride, calcium, phosphate, etc. 

The composition of urine varies a great d and is affected by three factors:

• Nutritional status of the individual
• State of metabolic processes
• The ability of the kidneys to selectively handle the material presented to them.

Properties of normal urine :

Properties of normal urine  (Normal urine test results chart):–
Volume per day
Neonates :	30-60 ml
Children :	400-1400ml
Adult :	600_2500 ml
Ph:	4.5-8.0(mean:6.1)
Organic constituents 24 hours
Urea	:15-30gm
Creatine :	1.0-1.8g
Uric acid	:0.3-o.6g
Protein(albumin)	:-0-0.1g
Glucose	<0.5g
Dry weight.	:55-70g/hours

Collection and Preservation of Urine:-

Urine samples for Urinalysis should be collected in a clean, dry container and examined as soon as possible. In most cases, the first specimen freely voided in the morning is preferred although a specimen collected 2 to 3 hours after eating is suitable when testing for glucose. 

• On standing, red blood cells and white blood cells are destroyed; casts are decomposed; glucose is lost and bacterial contamination of urine takes place causing alkalization of the sample. 
• Therefore, the specimen must be examined when fresh, ideally within 30 minutes of collection

ROUTINE TESTS FOR URINE ANALYSIS:-

The routine tests for urine analysis are grouped in three parts; physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations. The below table shows the tests routinely performed under each section. Certain tests are graded according to their degree of accuracy: screening or qualitative tests; semi-quantitative. tests; and quantitative tests. 

Urinalysis | Urine Analysis

The results of qualitative tests are reported as positive or negative; or, present or absent. For semi-quantitative tests, results are graded as negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+, or sometimes results are given as small, moderate, or large quantities. The quantitative tests, on the other hand, determine accurately the amount of substance that they detect in urine

TESTS ROUTINELY PERFORMED FOR URINALYSIS (URINE ANALYSIS)

TESTS ROUTINELY  PERFORMED FOR URINALYSIS
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION	NAMES OF METHOD
COLOUR	Physical view
TRANSPARENCY	Physical view
ODOUR
PH	ph meter
SPECIFIC GRAVITY	(URINE METER)
2.CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
1.GLUCOSE TEST
2.PROTINE TEST
3.ALBUMIN TESt
4.KETONES TEST
5.BILIRUBIN TEST
6.UROBILOGEN TEST
7.OCCULT BLOOD
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINARY SEDIMENT
1.RED BLOOD CELLS
2.WHITE BLOOD CELLS
3. EPHITHILIAL CELLS
4.CASTS
5.BACTERIA AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS
6.CRYSTALS
OTHER COMPONENTS

Types of Test for Urine Examination 

1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION - click here
2. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION  - click here
3. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 

Summary of Urine Analysis